Modification classes by what they change
A modification class listed here is not a statement that a given compound carries it. Per-compound detail sits in the compound record.
Backbone and sequence-level
Changes to the peptide backbone or chirality that affect conformation and proteolytic stability.
- Retro-inverso sequences
- D-enantiomer and non-standard amino acid incorporation
- N-methylated amino acids
- Reduced peptide bonds
Terminal functionalisation
Modifications applied at the N- or C-terminus of the sequence.
- N-terminal acetylation, formylation and acylation
- C-terminal amidation
- C-terminal alcohol and aldehyde moieties
- C-terminal ester and thioester groups
- Biotinylation
Side-chain modifications
Post-translational-type modifications and small-group additions on amino acid side chains.
- Phosphorylation and sulfation
- Methylation and alkylation
- Lipidation
- Maleimide handles for thiol conjugation
- Side-chain acylation
Cyclisation and crosslinking
Conformational constraints introduced for structural or stability reasons.
- Head-to-tail and side-chain cyclisation
- Lactam bridge and thioether linkages
- Hydrocarbon-stapled sequences
- Multiple disulfide bond formation
Conjugation and ligation
Chemistries used to join sequences or attach a payload.
- Native chemical, oxime and click-assisted ligation
- Conjugation to small molecules
- Conjugation to polymers, including PEGylation
- Clickable azide and alkyne handles
Labels, dyes and reporters
Detection handles used in assay and analytical work.
- Dye-labelled sequences
- Fluorophore and chromophore incorporation
- Chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates
- Biotin labelling
Modification detail for a specific compound is stated on the record for that compound.