Reference

Scientific glossary

Every term used on this site, defined in plain language. Definitions describe what a method or document is — none describes an effect, a benefit or a recommended use.

Analytical methods

HPLC: High-performance liquid chromatography. A separation technique used to resolve the components of a sample so their relative amounts can be measured.
Mass spectrometry: A technique that measures mass-to-charge ratios of ionised molecules, commonly used to support identity confirmation.
Identity confirmation: An analytical determination of whether a sample is the substance it is labelled as. It does not describe how pure the sample is.
Purity: The proportion of a sample attributable to the stated substance under a specified analytical method. Purity figures are method-dependent.
Endotoxin testing: Screening for bacterial endotoxin, typically by a limulus amebocyte lysate assay, reported against a defined threshold.
Limit of detection: The lowest quantity of a substance a method can reliably distinguish from background. Results below it are reported as not detected, not as absent.

Evidence and study design

In vitro: Research conducted outside a living organism, for example in cell culture.
In vivo: Research conducted in a living organism.
Preclinical research: Laboratory and animal research conducted before any study in humans. Preclinical findings do not transfer directly to people.
Randomised controlled trial: A study design in which participants are assigned to groups by chance, allowing comparison between an intervention and a control condition.
Systematic review: A structured synthesis of the available studies on a defined question, using a documented search and appraisal method.
Peer review: Assessment of a manuscript by independent specialists before publication. Peer review is a quality check, not a guarantee of correctness.

Trial phases

Phase 1: The first stage of human study, typically small and focused on tolerability and pharmacokinetics rather than effectiveness.
Phase 2: Studies in a larger group intended to examine activity in a defined condition and gather further safety information.
Phase 3: Larger comparative studies intended to assess effectiveness and monitor adverse events across a broader population.
Phase 4: Studies conducted after a product has been authorised for use in a market.
Recruitment status: A registry field describing whether a study is not yet recruiting, recruiting, active but not recruiting, completed, terminated or withdrawn.

Documentation

Certificate of analysis: A laboratory document reporting the tests performed on a specific sample, the methods used and the results obtained.
Batch or lot identifier: A reference assigned to material produced in a single run, used to link physical material to its documentation.
DOI: Digital object identifier. A persistent reference that resolves to a published record.
NCT number: The identifier assigned to a study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, used to look up the original registration.

Avion Science manufactures peptide compounds for laboratory research use only. This website is informational: nothing is offered for sale, and nothing published here is medical advice, a dosing protocol or a claim of therapeutic effect.